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by Shachar Adam
Shachar Adam
עבור טענה 1: נשים לב תחילה כי בתיקייה הראשונה לכולם יש הרשאות x. כמו כן, אלה חברה בקבוצת devs שאין להם הרשאות w על התיקייה ובנוסף היא גם הבעלים של הקובץ config.txt וניתן לראות שאין לה הרשאת w על הקובץ. לכן טענה 1 לא נכונה. עבור טענה 2: finn חבר בקבוצה admins שאין להם הרשאות x על התיקייה, ולכן כלל לא יוכל לעשות דאבל קליק לתוך התיקייה ולמחוק את readme.txt על אף שעל הקובץ עצמו יש הרשאות w ל-finn.
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יש סטיקי ביט על התיקייה, כלומר רק הבעלים של התיקייה, הבעלים של קובץ או סופר יוזר יכולים למחוק קבצים בתיקייה. במקרה הראשון אלה יכולה למחוק את password.txt כי היא הבעלים של התיקייה וגם יש לה הרשאות w במסגרת ה-other. במקרה השני דנה לא יכולה למחוק את readme.txt כי היא לא הבעלים של התיקייה ולא הבעלים של הקובץ וגם לא נתון שהיא סופר יוזר.
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by Shachar Adam
Shachar Adam
נשים לב שבאופציה השנייה יש -- כלומר הערה עוד לפני שהתבצעה איזושהי פעולה זדונית, ואז בעצם מתעלמים מהדרופ טייבל שבא לאחר מכן, כלומר זה לא יצליח.
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by Shachar Adam
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שימוש באותו המפתח תמיד זה אמנם נכון לגבי CBC אך זה לא יתרון כיוון שזה גם יכול להוות פגיעות. לא ניתן לבצע הצפנה במקביל עם מספר תרדים. ב-CBC כל plaintext עושה XOR עם ה-ciphertext הקודם.
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by Shachar Adam
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3. The server contains AS and TGS. Explanation: This statement is true. In the Kerberos architecture, there are two main components of the authentication server (AS) and the ticket granting server (TGS). The AS is responsible for authenticating users and issuing the initial Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT). The TGS issues service tickets based on the TGT to allow access to other services within the network. 4. The system relies on Symmetric Key. Explanation: This statement is true. Kerberos primarily uses symmetric key cryptography for authentication. Each user and service has a shared secret key known only to them and the Kerberos server. This symmetric key is used to encrypt and decrypt the tickets and messages exchanged, ensuring confidentiality and integrity. 5. The TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket) is used to obtain additional tickets for other applications. Explanation: This statement is true. The TGT is issued by the AS after the initial authentication. Once a client has the TGT, it can use it to request service tickets from the TGS for specific applications or services within the network without needing to re-authenticate. This allows for a seamless user experience while maintaining security.
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by Shachar Adam
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יש שימוש ב-timestamp ולכן צריך סנכרון בין השעונים, אך לכן גם זה עמיד בפני replay attack.
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Explanation: The SolarWinds attack, also known as the Sunburst attack, was a supply chain attack where attackers inserted malicious code into the company's Orion software updates. This update was then distributed to thousands of SolarWinds' customers, including government agencies and large corporations. The attack allowed hackers to gain access to sensitive networks and systems. Inserting hostile code into the software update is the specific method used in this attack. The attack was not a DDoS attack or involved crashing servers, but rather a stealthy infiltration via trusted updates. Thus, the primary technique was compromising the software update process to spread malicious code.
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למדנו כי DES מבוסס על רשתות פייסטל בעוד AES לא. בנוסף, DES הוא אלגוריתם הצפנה סימטרי. לכן, הוא מתאים לתיאור השני. התיאור השני מתאר אלגוריתם הצפנה אסימטרי המשתמש במפתח פומבי - זה מתאים ל-RSA. דיפי הלמן הוא לא אלגוריתם הצפנה, אלא אלגוריתם להחלפת מפתחות.
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The correct answer is: Hides the internal IP addresses and thus provides additional protection. Explanation: Circuit Level Proxy: It operates at the Session Layer (Layer 5) of the OSI model. Circuit level proxies do not inspect the content of the traffic itself; instead, they ensure that the packet flow between internal and external networks is valid. They mainly focus on creating and maintaining a connection between the client and server after initial approval. Hiding Internal IP Addresses: Circuit level proxies typically hide the internal IP addresses by creating a session between the internal client and the external server. This helps to mask internal network information from the external world, providing additional protection by preventing external entities from knowing the details of the internal network. Other options like content analysis and application-level traffic inspection refer to Application Layer proxies (such as web proxies), which operate at a different layer and provide different functionalities.
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The data is hashed, and the hash is encrypted with the sender's private key to create a digital signature. Verification: The recipient uses the sender's public key to decrypt the signature. If the decrypted hash matches the hash of the data, the signature is verified, meaning the message hasn't been altered and the sender's identity is confirmed.
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Input Limitation: If the input is exactly 127 characters (or more), fgets() will stop reading, and the input might be truncated. This may not cause an immediate buffer overflow but could lead to unexpected behavior. If the programmer expects that entire input strings will be read, this truncation might not be handled well elsewhere in the code.
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by Shachar Adam
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עבור קטע הקוד הרביעי, אני לא כל כך בטוח מדוע זה פגיע אך זו התשובה של GPT: Even though the code uses fgets(), which is much safer than gets(), the lecturer might have flagged this code segment because: Caution with Boundaries: When using fgets(), it's good practice to leave room for the null terminator, but the final \0 check and truncation are handled in a somewhat redundant way here. This can sometimes cause confusion about whether or not the input is fully safe. Potential Vulnerability in Later Code: The data collected in this function (in the log array) is passed into logMessage(). If that function doesn’t handle the input safely (for instance, by using gets()), it opens the possibility for a buffer overflow. Without seeing the full context of logMessage(), the code may be flagged as potentially risky.
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The Java code and Python code are not typically vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks because these languages handle memory management automatically and don't allow direct manipulation of memory like C does. Hence, they were not considered as answers.
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הסבר עבור קטע הקוד הראשון: This C code is vulnerable to a Buffer Overflow attack because it uses the gets() function. The gets() function does not perform any boundary checks and can read an arbitrary amount of input, potentially overflowing the buffer (which is only 64 bytes). This can lead to a buffer overflow if the input exceeds the buffer's allocated size.
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:The correct answer is The entire IP packet Explanation: In IPSec Tunnel Mode, the entire original IP packet (both the header and the payload) is encapsulated and protected by IPSec. A new IP header is added to the packet for routing purposes, while the original packet is encrypted and authenticated, providing confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity for the entire packet. Payload only: This describes Transport Mode, not Tunnel Mode. Header only: IPSec Tunnel Mode protects both the header and the payload, not just the header. No answer is correct: This is incorrect because Tunnel Mode indeed protects the entire IP packet.
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Explanation: A company that allows employees to work in the middle of the night: This is not inherently a vulnerability. It could pose a risk if it is not managed properly (e.g., if employees are not monitored or if access controls are weaker), but in itself, it doesn't constitute a vulnerability. Saving classified documents on unmarked mobile devices: This is a vulnerability because unmarked mobile devices can be easily lost, stolen, or misused, leading to a potential data breach. The lack of security measures around sensitive information presents a security flaw. Failure to check input in functions: This is a vulnerability that could lead to various exploits such as injection attacks (SQL injection, command injection, etc.), buffer overflows, or other issues. Input validation is crucial for security.
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Explanation: DES (Data Encryption Standard) uses a 56-bit key, so the complexity of a brute-force attack (exhaustive search) on single DES is 2^56 DES means running DES four times, which increases the complexity because it increases the key size to 4 *56 = 224 bits Therefore, the running complexity of an exhaustive search on a 4-DES system is O(2^224), s you need to search through all possible combinations of a 224-bit key. (The memory complexity is O(2^1 because the memory required for a brute-force attack doesn’t scale with the key size—it generally only requires storing a few intermediate values at any given time. A brute-force attack is not memory-intensive, unlike attacks such as meet-in-the-middle that require more memory.
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Static Analysis is a technique used to analyze a program or a file without executing it. It usually involves examining the code, structure, and other static properties. Strings, File metadata, Exports, and Imports are typically checked during static analysis because they can be retrieved without running the file: Strings can reveal information embedded in the file. File metadata (such as timestamps, author information, etc.) can provide insights about the file's origin or modification history. Exports and Imports are crucial for understanding the functions or libraries the program is interacting with. Executed commands, however, are not typically analyzed during static analysis because they require the program to be run. Instead, executed commands are often captured during Dynamic Analysis, which involves observing the program in execution. Thus, executed commands are not typically part of static analysis.
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Line 3 in the firewall rules allows incoming TCP connections from the web server (F) to department E (including the file server D) on port 80. This means that the web server (F) can access server D, contradicting the security person's claim that access to server D is entirely blocked by line 4.
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בנוסף, למדנו כי אלגוריתמי הצפנה סימטריים מהירים יותר מכאלו א-סימטריים. א-סימטריים מסתמכים על חישובים מתמטיים.
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AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a symmetric encryption algorithm, which means it uses the same key for both encryption and decryption. AES is very fast, especially when compared to asymmetric algorithms like RSA. RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) is an asymmetric encryption algorithm, meaning it uses a pair of keys (public and private) for encryption and decryption. RSA is generally much slower than AES due to the more complex mathematical operations involved in asymmetric encryption. Thus, AES with a 128-bit key is faster than RSA in terms of encryption and decryption speed, which makes the statement "AES with key 128 will be slower than RSA" incorrect.
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טענה 1: אמנם אלה חברה בקבוצה devs שאין להם הרשאות כתיבה, אך בכל מקרה אלה היא הבעלים של הקובץ config.txt ויש לה רק הרשאות קריאה בו. לכן טענה 1 לא נכונה. טענה 2: פין חבר בקבוצה admins שאין להם הרשאות כתיבה לקבצים בתיקייה, על אף שיש הרשאות w לקובץ עצמו. **לחזור על זה, לא בטוח שזה הסבר נכון.
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Key Point 1: The ability to delete a file in Unix depends on the directory's permissions, not the file's permissions. Key Point 2: The directory docs has the "sticky bit" (t), which restricts file deletion to the file owner or the directory owner. הערה שחר: או סופר יוזר כמו root. Analysis: docs/passwords.txt: File permissions: -rw-rw-rw- (read and write for everyone). Directory permissions for docs: drwxrwxrwt (with the sticky bit). The sticky bit (t) means only the owner of the file (dana), the owner of the directory (ella), or the root user can delete files in this directory, regardless of other permissions. Since ella owns the docs directory, she can delete docs/passwords.txt. Conclusion: Assertion 1 is true. docs/readme.txt: File permissions: -rw-rw-rw- (read and write for everyone). dana does not own docs/readme.txt (it’s owned by ella). Although dana has write permissions on the file, the sticky bit on the directory prevents her from deleting it unless she owns the file or the directory, which she does not. Conclusion: Assertion 2 is false. Final Answer: Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false.
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Let's break down the input: new_email: "[email protected]', salary= 0" — This is injected into the email field, and it does two things: Ends the email assignment early with "[email protected]". Adds a new clause to set salary = 0. username: “ ‘ or name = ‘Alice’;" — This exploits SQL injection by using the OR clause. It makes the query select the user based on the condition that either the username matches the value or the name is Alice. The – at the end comments out the rest of the query, making the password check irrelevant. password: "whatever" — This value is irrelevant because the query is manipulated to bypass the password check.
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במקרה א' יש וידוא של הזהות של מייצר ההצפנה כי רק הוא יכול לחתום עם המפתח הפרטי שלו, אך אין סודיות כיוון שלכולם יש את המפתח הפומבי של בוב והם יכולים לקרוא את ההודעה. במקרה ב' יש שלמות הודעה כיוון שהצפנה סימטרית מבטיחה שלמות, אך היא לא מבטיחה אימות זהות כיוון שכל מי שחולק את המפתח הסימטרי (במקרה זה רק אליס) יכל גם כן לשלוח את ההודעה, ויכול להיות שזה בוב. אין לדעת.
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בנוסף, Application Proxy Firewall פועלים בשכבת האפליקציה כלומר אין שמירה של חיבורי ה-TCP. זה עניין של statefull packet filter. כמו כן, אין צורך בהזדהות.
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Application Proxy Firewall הוא כמו cache ולמדנו שזה מאט את הביצועים, אז ב וודאי לא נכון.
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URLCrazy - Checks for available domains similar to the Given domain DMitry ❑ Linux command line application ❑ Has the ability to gather as much information as possible about a host ❖ Sub-domains ❖ Email addresses ❖ Uptime Info. ❖ TCP port scan ❖ Whois lookups Firewalk (L4 determination) An active reconnaissance network security tool that attempts to determine what layer 4 protocols a given IP forwarding device will pass (TCP/UDP) ❑Firewalk works by sending out TCP or UDP packets with a TTL one greater than the targeted gateway ▪ If the gateway allows the traffic, it will forward the packets to the next hop where they will expire and elicit an ICMP_TIME_EXCEEDED message. Else, it will likely drop the packets. dnsmap ❑ Meant to be used by pentesters during the information gathering of infrastructure security asses. ❑ Finds IP addresses and sub-domains of a given domain using brute-force techniques.
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Firewalk (L4 determination) An active reconnaissance network security tool that attempts to determine what layer 4 protocols a given IP forwarding device will pass (TCP/UDP) Firewalk works by sending out TCP or UDP packets with a TTL one greater than the targeted gateway ▪ If the gateway allows the traffic, it will forward the packets to the next hop where they will expire and elicit an ICMP_TIME_EXCEEDED message. Else, it will likely drop the packets.
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Use of password only and not 2-way verification: While not using 2-factor authentication (2FA) increases risk, it does not necessarily constitute a clear vulnerability. It would be considered a security weakness or bad practice, but not necessarily a vulnerability by itself. This is why it's likely not included in the final answer. Using telnet to configure the system: Vulnerability: Telnet transmits data, including passwords, in plain text, making it susceptible to eavesdropping. It’s a known security risk, especially when configuring systems remotely. More secure alternatives like SSH should be used. Failure to keep activity logs: Vulnerability: Without activity logs, tracking unauthorized access or detecting security breaches becomes difficult. It is a significant vulnerability, as you would have no evidence of suspicious activity or intrusions. Using default passwords on networked devices: Vulnerability: Default passwords are well-known and easily exploitable by attackers. Failure to change default passwords is a classic security vulnerability. Answer 2, 3, 4: This suggests that the most severe vulnerabilities identified are those in answers 2, 3, and 4. All three involve clear, well-established vulnerabilities in system security. Everything: This would imply that all the items listed are vulnerabilities. However, as mentioned earlier, not using 2FA is more of a bad practice than a direct vulnerability, which is likely why this was not the correct answer.
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Message Authentication Code (MAC): Purpose: A MAC is used to ensure the integrity and authenticity of a message, ensuring that the message has not been tampered with and that it comes from a legitimate source. Key-based: The MAC is generated using a secret key shared between the sender and the receiver. Integrity: It ensures the integrity of the message but does not guarantee non-repudiation, since both the sender and receiver share the same key. Either party could have generated the MAC, so the sender can deny having sent the message. Digital Signature (DS): Purpose: A digital signature is used to ensure authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation. It provides evidence that the message originated from a specific sender and that the message has not been altered. Public/Private key-based: The digital signature is generated using the sender’s private key, and the receiver can verify it using the sender’s public key. Non-repudiation: A key difference is that a digital signature provides non-repudiation, meaning the sender cannot deny having signed the message, since only the sender holds the private key used for signing.
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Here's an explanation of each option: SHA-256: What it does: SHA-256 is a cryptographic hash function, not an encryption algorithm. It takes an input and produces a fixed-size (256-bit) hash. Hash functions are typically used for integrity checks, not for encryption or message transmission. Conclusion: It does not transmit encrypted messages. Diffie-Hellman: What it does: Diffie-Hellman is a key exchange algorithm used to securely exchange cryptographic keys over a public channel. It does not directly encrypt or transmit messages but helps establish a shared secret key for later encryption. Conclusion: It does not directly transmit encrypted messages. Digital Signature: What it does: A digital signature is used to verify the authenticity and integrity of a message, ensuring it was sent by the claimed sender and has not been altered. It does not encrypt the message itself. Conclusion: It does not transmit encrypted messages. Random Salt: What it does: A salt is random data added to a password or message before hashing, typically to enhance security in password storage. It is not used for encryption or transmission of messages. Conclusion: It does not transmit encrypted messages.
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Let's break down the problem and explain why the correct answer is as follows: Understanding DES-5 System: The encryption for DES-5 is structured as: 𝐶 = DEC 𝐾 1 ( ENC 𝐾 2 ( ENC 𝐾 3 ( DEC 𝐾 4 ( ENC 𝐾 5 ( 𝑀 ) ) ) ) ) C=DEC K1 ​ (ENC K2 ​ (ENC K3 ​ (DEC K4 ​ (ENC K5 ​ (M))))) Given: K2 = K3 and K4 = K5, this reduces the system to 3 unique keys: 𝐾 1 K1, 𝐾 2 / 𝐾 3 K2/K3, and 𝐾 4 / 𝐾 5 K4/K5. Since each key is 56 bits, brute-forcing a single key requires testing 2 56 2 56 possible keys. For DES-5, with 3 unique keys to brute-force, the total number of combinations is: Time complexity for DES-5 = 𝑂 ( 2 56 ) × 𝑂 ( 2 56 ) × 𝑂 ( 2 56 ) = 𝑂 ( 2 3 × 56 ) = 𝑂 ( 2 168 ) Time complexity for DES-5=O(2 56 )×O(2 56 )×O(2 56 )=O(2 3×56 )=O(2 168 ) Thus, the brute-force time complexity for DES-5 is O(2^168). Understanding DES-2 System: For the DES-2 system, it uses 2 unknown keys, each 56 bits long. To brute-force both keys, you would have to try all combinations of the two keys, resulting in a time complexity of: Time complexity for DES-2 = 𝑂 ( 2 56 ) × 𝑂 ( 2 56 ) = 𝑂 ( 2 2 × 56 ) = 𝑂 ( 2 112 ) Time complexity for DES-2=O(2 56 )×O(2 56 )=O(2 2×56 )=O(2 112 ) Thus, the brute-force time complexity for DES-2 is O(2^112). Answer: Method A (DES-5) has a brute-force time complexity of O(2^{168}), or O(2^{3 \times 56}). Method B (DES-2) has a brute-force time complexity of O(2^{112}), or O(2^{2 \times 56}). This matches the correct answer: Method A: O(2^{3 \times 56}) Method B: O(2^{2 \times 56})
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Key Data: Total authentication attempts per day: 1000 Impersonation attempts per day: 20 Threshold point: X = 0.2, Y = 0.95 (FAR = 0.2, TAR = 0.95) 1. Calculating Missed Impersonation Attempts (FAR): The False Acceptance Rate (FAR) at this threshold is 0.2, which means 20% of the impersonation attempts will be incorrectly accepted as legitimate users. Since there are 20 impersonation attempts per day, the number of missed attempts (incorrectly accepted impersonators) is: Missed impersonation attempts = 20 × 0.2 = 4 Missed impersonation attempts=20×0.2=4 2. Calculating False Rejections (FRR): The True Acceptance Rate (TAR) is 0.95, which means 95% of legitimate users are correctly accepted. The False Rejection Rate (FRR) is the percentage of legitimate users incorrectly rejected: FRR = 1 − TAR = 1 − 0.95 = 0.05 FRR=1−TAR=1−0.95=0.05 Since there are 980 legitimate attempts (1000 total attempts minus 20 impersonation attempts), the number of false rejections per day (incorrectly rejected legitimate users) is: False rejections = 980 × 0.05 = 49 False rejections=980×0.05=49 Answer: The number of missed impersonation attempts per day is 4, and the number of false rejections per day is 49. Therefore, the correct answer is 49:4.
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ב-CBC יש קסור בין פליין טקסט לוקטור התחלתי, זה עובר הצפנה יחד עם המפתח, ואז הסייפר טקסט המתקבל עושה קסור יחד עם הפליין טקסט הבא ואז זה מוצפן עם המפתח וכן הלאה.
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by Shachar Adam
Shachar Adam
A. Always use the same key: This is incorrect because while CBC does use the same key for all blocks in a single session, it's not considered an advantage specific to CBC. Reusing the same key over multiple sessions can be insecure if not paired with an initialization vector (IV) for each message. B. In decoding, an error in the information in a block will not affect any other block: This is incorrect. In CBC, if there's an error in one block, it propagates to subsequent blocks during decryption. This is known as error propagation. So, an error in one block can affect other blocks. C. Encryption of one block does not depend on the next block and this is an advantage in security: This is incorrect because, in CBC, each block's encryption depends on the previous block (and the IV for the first block). This interdependence provides some security benefits, but this description does not apply to CBC. Real Advantage of CBC: One of the key advantages of CBC is that the same plaintext block will encrypt to different ciphertexts if it appears in different positions in the message, due to the XOR with the previous block's ciphertext. This ensures more secure encryption compared to modes like Electronic Codebook (ECB). Since none of the provided answers describe CBC correctly, D (Neither answer is correct) is the appropriate choice.
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by Shachar Adam
Shachar Adam
Prints a status about the user: This is incorrect. The usermod command is not used to print user status. To print user information, you would use commands like id, whoami, or getent passwd. Creates a new group in the system: This is incorrect. The usermod command does not create a new group. The command to create a group is groupadd. Creating a new user in the system: This is incorrect. To create a new user, you would use the useradd command, not usermod. Neither answer is correct: This is correct because none of the options accurately describe the usermod command. Defines the user's home directory: This is correct. The usermod command can be used with the -d option to change a user's home directory.
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by Shachar Adam
Shachar Adam
Non-repudiation is a key concept in computer security and refers to the assurance that someone cannot deny the validity of something. Specifically, it ensures that: The sender of a message cannot deny having sent it. The receiver of a message cannot deny having received it.
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