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What was the central hypothesis of Louis Pasteur's experiments on spontaneous generation?

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What was the purpose of the swan-neck design in Pasteur's flasks?

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What did Pasteur demonstrate by breaking the necks of some flasks in his experiments?

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How did Pasteur's work impact the development of the germ theory of disease?

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What process, named after Pasteur, involves heating liquids to kill harmful microorganisms?

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What is the central theme of the introduction in the book co-authored by Dana Mackenzie and Judea Pearl?

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What metaphor does Judea Pearl use to categorize causal reasoning, and what are its three distinct levels?

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What are directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), and why does Pearl emphasize their importance?

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According to Pearl, why did early 20th-century statisticians like Karl Pearson and Ronald Fisher avoid causal claims?

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How does Pearl propose to overcome the limitations of purely associative reasoning?

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