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Consider four variables: X, Y, M, and Z. The causal statements are: 1. X affects M. 2. M affects Y. 3. Z affects both X and Y. 4. Y does not affect Z. 5. X does not affect Z. Assume there are no other direct paths. Consider these claims: 1. Z is a confounder of X → Y. 2. M is a mediator of X → Y. 3. Z lies on a backdoor path from X to Y. 4. Conditioning on M blocks the total effect of X on Y.
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מיין לפי
You are given five variables: X, Y, A, B, and C. The relationships are: 1. X affects Y. 2. A affects B. 3. B affects X. 4. B affects Y. 5. C is caused by both X and Y. Assume no other connections exist. Consider the following claims: 1. B is a confounder for X → Y. 2. C is a collider for X ↔ Y. 3. Conditioning on C would open a new path between X and Y. 4. Conditioning on B fully blocks all backdoor paths between X and Y. Which combination is correct?
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Consider six variables: X, Y, L, M, N, and Z. The statements: 1. L affects both X and Y. 2. X affects M. 3. M affects Y. 4. N affects M and is also caused by Y. 5. Z is caused by L and affects X. Consider these claims: 1. L is definitely a confounder for X → Y. 2. Z is part of a backdoor path for X → Y. 3. N is a collider on the path M ← N → Y. 4. Conditioning on M would block the total effect of X on Y. Which combination is correct?
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מיין לפי
You have five variables: X, Y, R, S, and T. The statements: 1. X affects Y. 2. R affects X and does not affect Y directly. 3. S affects Y and does not affect X directly. 4. T is caused by X and also caused by Y. 5. There are no other connections except those described (or their implied transitive consequences). Consider these claims: 1. R cannot be a confounder because it doesn’t directly affect Y. 2. S might be part of a backdoor path from X to Y only if there is some unobserved link from X to S. 3. T is a collider for X and Y. 4. Conditioning on T could introduce bias between X and Y. 5. Conditioning on R might have no impact on the backdoor path from X to Y. Which combination is correct?
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מיין לפי
Which of the following best describes the primary focus of bioinformatics within biomedical informatics?
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Which level of biomedical data classification is directly associated with clinical informatics?
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A researcher studying tissue-level abnormalities using imaging techniques is most likely working in which domain of biomedical informatics?
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Which of the following is an incorrect pairing between a data classification level and its corresponding informatics domain?
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What is the primary goal of a Learning Healthcare System?
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מיין לפי
What is a major challenge in implementing Learning Healthcare Systems in real-world settings?
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