Explanation:
A company that allows employees to work in the middle of the night: This is not inherently a vulnerability. It could pose a risk if it is not managed properly (e.g., if employees are not monitored or if access controls are weaker), but in itself, it doesn't constitute a vulnerability.
Saving classified documents on unmarked mobile devices: This is a vulnerability because unmarked mobile devices can be easily lost, stolen, or misused, leading to a potential data breach. The lack of security measures around sensitive information presents a security flaw.
Failure to check input in functions: This is a vulnerability that could lead to various exploits such as injection attacks (SQL injection, command injection, etc.), buffer overflows, or other issues. Input validation is crucial for security.