A scientific method is a sequence or collection of processes that are considered characteristic of scientific investigation and the acquisition of new scientific knowledge based upon physical evidence.
Make Observations -> Think of interesting questions -> Formulate Hypotheses -> Develop Testable predictions -> Gather Data to test predictions
בשלב זה יש או ללכת ל- Refine, Alter, Expand or Reject Hypotheses ואז לחזור ל-Develop Testable predictions או שממשיכים ל-Develop General Theories ואז הכל חוזר חלילה
What is the central question of epistemic theories of truth?
Epistemic theories of truth
What is truth? How to know that a proposition is true?
Verificationist approaches:
A-priorism / Certainty theory – a proposition is true iff it is known with certainty or can be proven.
Positivism – a proposition is true iff it is verifiable by sensory experiences.
Perspectivist/relativist approaches:
Individualist perspectivism (This is my truth!)
Collectivist perspectivism – the proposition is true based on a consensus of a relevant group (e.g., scientific community, proletariat, authority, oppressed minorities).
Transcendental perspectivism – the truth-conferring perspective is outside of immediate human reach (e.g., God or Nature).
Pragmatic approaches:
Completed science (limit of scientific inquiry) – the proposition is true iff it will be accepted in the long run by scientists using scientific ration inquiry.
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge- e.g.,
the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge, epistemic justification, the rationality of belief, and various related issues.
According to certainty theory/a-priorism, when is a claim considered true?
Epistemic theories of truth
What is truth? How to know that a proposition is true?
Verificationist approaches:
A-priorism / Certainty theory – a proposition is true iff it is known with certainty or can be proven.
Positivism – a proposition is true iff it is verifiable by sensory experiences.
Perspectivist/relativist approaches:
Individualist perspectivism (This is my truth!)
Collectivist perspectivism – the proposition is true based on a consensus of a relevant group (e.g., scientific community, proletariat, authority, oppressed minorities).
Transcendental perspectivism – the truth-conferring perspective is outside of immediate human reach (e.g., God or Nature).
Pragmatic approaches:
Completed science (limit of scientific inquiry) – the proposition is true iff it will be accepted in the long run by scientists using scientific ration inquiry.
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge- e.g.,
the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge, epistemic justification, the rationality of belief, and various related issues.
Epistemic theories of truth
What is truth? How to know that a proposition is true?
Verificationist approaches:
A-priorism / Certainty theory – a proposition is true iff it is known with certainty or can be proven.
Positivism – a proposition is true iff it is verifiable by sensory experiences.
Perspectivist/relativist approaches:
Individualist perspectivism (This is my truth!)
Collectivist perspectivism – the proposition is true based on a consensus of a relevant group (e.g., scientific community, proletariat, authority, oppressed minorities).
Transcendental perspectivism – the truth-conferring perspective is outside of immediate human reach (e.g., God or Nature).
Pragmatic approaches:
Completed science (limit of scientific inquiry) – the proposition is true iff it will be accepted in the long run by scientists using scientific ration inquiry.
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge- e.g.,
the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge, epistemic justification, the rationality of belief, and various related issues.
What is a potential problem with the positivist approach?
Epistemic theories of truth
What is truth? How to know that a proposition is true?
Verificationist approaches:
A-priorism / Certainty theory – a proposition is true iff it is known with certainty or can be proven.
Positivism – a proposition is true iff it is verifiable by sensory experiences.
Perspectivist/relativist approaches:
Individualist perspectivism (This is my truth!)
Collectivist perspectivism – the proposition is true based on a consensus of a relevant group (e.g., scientific community, proletariat, authority, oppressed minorities).
Transcendental perspectivism – the truth-conferring perspective is outside of immediate human reach (e.g., God or Nature).
Pragmatic approaches:
Completed science (limit of scientific inquiry) – the proposition is true iff it will be accepted in the long run by scientists using scientific ration inquiry.
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge- e.g.,
the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge, epistemic justification, the rationality of belief, and various related issues.
Epistemic theories of truth
What is truth? How to know that a proposition is true?
Verificationist approaches:
A-priorism / Certainty theory – a proposition is true iff it is known with certainty or can be proven.
Positivism – a proposition is true iff it is verifiable by sensory experiences.
Perspectivist/relativist approaches:
Individualist perspectivism (This is my truth!)
Collectivist perspectivism – the proposition is true based on a consensus of a relevant group (e.g., scientific community, proletariat, authority, oppressed minorities).
Transcendental perspectivism – the truth-conferring perspective is outside of immediate human reach (e.g., God or Nature).
Pragmatic approaches:
Completed science (limit of scientific inquiry) – the proposition is true iff it will be accepted in the long run by scientists using scientific ration inquiry.
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge- e.g.,
the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge, epistemic justification, the rationality of belief, and various related issues.
What does collectivist perspectivism rely on for determining truth?
Epistemic theories of truth
What is truth? How to know that a proposition is true?
Verificationist approaches:
A-priorism / Certainty theory – a proposition is true iff it is known with certainty or can be proven.
Positivism – a proposition is true iff it is verifiable by sensory experiences.
Perspectivist/relativist approaches:
Individualist perspectivism (This is my truth!)
Collectivist perspectivism – the proposition is true based on a consensus of a relevant group (e.g., scientific community, proletariat, authority, oppressed minorities).
Transcendental perspectivism – the truth-conferring perspective is outside of immediate human reach (e.g., God or Nature).
Pragmatic approaches:
Completed science (limit of scientific inquiry) – the proposition is true iff it will be accepted in the long run by scientists using scientific ration inquiry.
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge- e.g.,
the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge, epistemic justification, the rationality of belief, and various related issues.
Transcendental perspectivism suggests that truth is based on:
Epistemic theories of truth
What is truth? How to know that a proposition is true?
Verificationist approaches:
A-priorism / Certainty theory – a proposition is true iff it is known with certainty or can be proven.
Positivism – a proposition is true iff it is verifiable by sensory experiences.
Perspectivist/relativist approaches:
Individualist perspectivism (This is my truth!)
Collectivist perspectivism – the proposition is true based on a consensus of a relevant group (e.g., scientific community, proletariat, authority, oppressed minorities).
Transcendental perspectivism – the truth-conferring perspective is outside of immediate human reach (e.g., God or Nature).
Pragmatic approaches:
Completed science (limit of scientific inquiry) – the proposition is true iff it will be accepted in the long run by scientists using scientific ration inquiry.
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge- e.g.,
the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge, epistemic justification, the rationality of belief, and various related issues.
Which of the following is an example of transcendental perspectivism?
Epistemic theories of truth
What is truth? How to know that a proposition is true?
Verificationist approaches:
A-priorism / Certainty theory – a proposition is true iff it is known with certainty or can be proven.
Positivism – a proposition is true iff it is verifiable by sensory experiences.
Perspectivist/relativist approaches:
Individualist perspectivism (This is my truth!)
Collectivist perspectivism – the proposition is true based on a consensus of a relevant group (e.g., scientific community, proletariat, authority, oppressed minorities).
Transcendental perspectivism – the truth-conferring perspective is outside of immediate human reach (e.g., God or Nature).
Pragmatic approaches:
Completed science (limit of scientific inquiry) – the proposition is true iff it will be accepted in the long run by scientists using scientific ration inquiry.
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge- e.g.,
the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge, epistemic justification, the rationality of belief, and various related issues.
According to pragmatic approaches, when is a claim considered true?
Epistemic theories of truth
What is truth? How to know that a proposition is true?
Verificationist approaches:
A-priorism / Certainty theory – a proposition is true iff it is known with certainty or can be proven.
Positivism – a proposition is true iff it is verifiable by sensory experiences.
Perspectivist/relativist approaches:
Individualist perspectivism (This is my truth!)
Collectivist perspectivism – the proposition is true based on a consensus of a relevant group (e.g., scientific community, proletariat, authority, oppressed minorities).
Transcendental perspectivism – the truth-conferring perspective is outside of immediate human reach (e.g., God or Nature).
Pragmatic approaches:
Completed science (limit of scientific inquiry) – the proposition is true iff it will be accepted in the long run by scientists using scientific ration inquiry.
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge- e.g.,
the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge, epistemic justification, the rationality of belief, and various related issues.